PED was first identified in the UK in 1971, and then spread to other European and Asian countries. PEDV is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae and genus Alphacoronavirus. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is a devastating enteric disease in pigs, characterized with severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, especially with high morbidity and mortality (up to 100%) in suckling piglets. The findings of this study provide new insights into the pathogenicity, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of currently circulating wild type G2a PEDV, which might be valuable for the development of novel PEDV vaccine candidates with improved efficacy. In contrast, the piglets from the sows immunized with CV777 could be protected when challenged with homologous PEDV and only partially protected when challenged with heterologous G2a strain of PEDV (CH/JX/01). All piglets from the sows immunized with CH/JX/01 could not only survive when challenged with the homologous PEDV, but also be fully protected when challenged with heterogenous G1a PEDV. The results showed that CH/JX/01, a highly virulent and dominant G2a PEDV strain currently circulating in China had more severe pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo, and induced more strong immune responses, including higher titers of sIgA in maternal milk than that induced by CV777 PEDV, a prototype of G1a PEDV strain. Initially pregnant sows were vaccinated twice with the two kinds of inactivated G1a- and G2a-based PEDV vaccines, respectively and the delivered neonatal piglets were challenged with prototype isolates of G1a and G2a PEDVs, and then the pathogenicity and cross-protection in neonatal piglets were observed. Hence, in the present study, we attempted to observe a comparative pathogenicity and cross protection of G1a (CV777) and G2a (CH/JX/01) PEDVs. To date, two genotypes, i.e., genotype 1 (G1) and genotype 2 (G2), of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have been identified in swine, while the cross protection between the G2a and G1a subgenotypes is undetermined. The findings of this study might explain the underlying mechanism that severe PED and deaths still occurred among the neonatal piglets of which CV777-based PEDV vaccine were administered in China, and imply G2a-based PEDV vaccine used in this study might be a good vaccine candidate for PEDV which may provide solid protection against circulating highly virulent PEDVs. In contrast, the G1a-based inactivated vaccine could induce a sterilizing immune response against challenge of homologous strain CV777 and only provide partial protection for the challenge of a heterologous G2a PEDV CH/JX/01. The results of the present study demonstrated that the G2a-based inactivated vaccine could provide sterilizing immunity against both highly virulent homologous and heterologous PEDV challenges. This study aimed to observe the comparative pathogenicity and cross-protection between G1a and G2a PEDVs, and thus find a new insight into the antigenicity and immunogenicity of PEDVs. To date, the reports on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of those viruses are limited and the results documented on cross-neutralization among different genotypes and/or subgenotypes of PEDV were inconsistent. At least two genotypes (G1 and G2) and five subgenotypes (G1a, G1b, G2a, G2b, andG2c) of PEDV strains have been identified. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by PED virus (PEDV), is a devastating enteric disease in pigs worldwide.
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